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Abstract Surface moisture heterogeneity degrades temperature‐humidity (‐) similarity in the atmospheric surface layer, yet the underlying physical mechanisms driving this dissimilarity remain underexplored. This study employs large‐eddy simulations coupled with a land‐surface model to investigate ‐ similarity in the convective boundary layer (CBL) over surfaces with varying scales of surface moisture heterogeneity. Results reveal that as the heterogeneity scale increases, patch‐scale thermally induced circulations develop and interact with cellular turbulent organized structures, significantly altering scalar transport and turbulence dynamics. The patch‐scale thermally induced circulations enhance horizontal advection, modify the production and transport of scalar variances, and lead to a disproportionate increase in the standard deviations of temperature () and humidity (), accompanied by a reduction in ‐ covariance (). As a result, ‐ similarity is substantially reduced throughout the CBL. Spectral analysis reveals that ‐ dissimilarity is most strongly influenced by turbulent motions at scales corresponding to patch lengths. The findings offer insights into the role of surface heterogeneity in shaping scalar similarity in the CBL, with implications for land‐atmosphere interactions and parameterization in numerical models. 

SUMMARY Taiwan, one of the most active orogenic belts in the world, undergoes orogenic processes that can be elucidated by the doubly vergent wedge model, explaining the extensive island-wide geological deformation. To provide a clearer depiction of its cross-island orogenic architecture, we apply ambient noise tomography across an east–west linear seismic array in central Taiwan, constructing the first high-resolution 2-D shear velocity model of the upper crust in the region. We observe robust fundamental- and higher-mode Rayleigh waves, with the latter being mainly present in the western Coastal Plain. We develop a multimode double-beamforming method to determine local phase velocities across the array between 2- and 5-s periods. For each location, we jointly invert all available fundamental- and higher-mode phase velocities using a Bayesian-based inversion method to obtain a 1-D model. All 1-D models are then combined to form a final 2-D model from the surface to ∼10 km depth. Our newly developed 2-D model clearly delineates major structural boundaries and fault geometries across central Taiwan, thereby corroborating the previously proposed pro-wedge and retro-wedge models while offering insight into regional seismic hazards. 

Abstract SN 2023ehl, a normal Type Ia supernova with a typical decline rate, was discovered in the galaxy UGC 11555 and offers valuable insights into the explosion mechanisms of white dwarfs. We present a detailed analysis of SN 2023ehl, including spectroscopic and photometric observations. The supernova exhibits high-velocity features in its ejecta, which are crucial for understanding the physical processes during the explosion. We compared the light curves of SN 2023ehl with other well-observed Type Ia supernovae, finding similarities in their evolution. The line strength ratioR(Siii) was calculated to be 0.17 ± 0.04, indicating a higher photospheric temperature compared to other supernovae. The maximum quasi-bolometric luminosity was determined to be 1.52 × 10⁴³erg s⁻¹, and the synthesized⁵⁶Ni mass was estimated at 0.77 ± 0.05M_⊙. The photospheric velocity atB-band maximum light was measured as 10,150 ± 240 km s⁻¹, classifying SN 2023ehl as a normal velocity Type Ia supernova. Our analysis suggests that SN 2023ehl aligns more with both the gravitationally confined detonation, providing a comprehensive view of the diversity and complexity of Type Ia supernovae. 

Novelty and appropriateness are two fundamental components of creativity. However, the way in which novelty and appropriateness are separated at behavioral and neural levels remains poorly understood. In the present study, we aim to distinguish behavioral and neural bases of novelty and appropriateness of creative idea generation. In alignment with two established theories of creative thinking, which respectively, emphasize semantic association and executive control, behavioral results indicate that novelty relies more on associative abilities, while appropriateness relies more on executive functions. Next, employing a connectome predictive modeling (CPM) approach in resting-state fMRI data, we define two functional network-based models—dominated by interactions within the default network and by interactions within the limbic network—that respectively, predict novelty and appropriateness (i.e., cross-brain prediction). Furthermore, the generalizability and specificity of the two functional connectivity patterns are verified in additional resting-state fMRI and task fMRI. Finally, the two functional connectivity patterns, respectively mediate the relationship between semantic association/executive control and novelty/appropriateness. These findings provide global and predictive distinctions between novelty and appropriateness in creative idea generation. 

Abstract How convective boundary‐layer (CBL) processes modify fluxes of sensible (SH) and latent (LH) heat and CO₂(F_c) in the atmospheric surface layer (ASL) remains a recalcitrant problem. Here, large eddy simulations for the CBL show that whileSHin the ASL decreases linearly with height regardless of soil moisture conditions,LHandF_cdecrease linearly with height over wet soils but increase with height over dry soils. This varying flux divergence/convergence is regulated by changes in asymmetric flux transport between top‐down and bottom‐up processes. Such flux divergence and convergence indicate that turbulent fluxes measured in the ASL underestimate and overestimate the “true” surface interfacial fluxes, respectively. While the non‐closure of the surface energy balance persists across all soil moisture states, it improves over drier soils due to overestimatedLH. The non‐closure does not imply thatF_cis always underestimated;F_ccan be overestimated over dry soils despite the non‐closure issue. 

Summary Legume nodulation requires the detection of flavonoids in the rhizosphere by rhizobia to activate their production of Nod factor countersignals. Here we investigated the flavonoids involved in nodulation ofMedicago truncatula.We biochemically characterized five flavonoid‐O‐methyltransferases (OMTs) and a lux‐basednodgene reporter was used to investigate the response ofSinorhizobium medicaeNodD1 to various flavonoids.We found that chalcone‐OMT 1 (ChOMT1) and ChOMT3, but not OMT2, 4, and 5, were able to produce 4,4′‐dihydroxy‐2′‐methoxychalcone (DHMC). The bioreporter responded most strongly to DHMC, while isoflavones important for nodulation of soybean (Glycine max) showed no activity. Mutant analysis revealed that loss of ChOMT1 strongly reduced DHMC levels. Furthermore,chomt1andomt2showed strongly reduced bioreporter luminescence in their rhizospheres. In addition, loss of both ChOMT1 and ChOMT3 reduced nodulation, and this phenotype was strengthened by the further loss of OMT2.We conclude that: the loss of ChOMT1 greatly reduces root DHMC levels; ChOMT1 or OMT2 are important fornodgene activation in the rhizosphere; and ChOMT1/3 and OMT2 promote nodulation. Our findings suggest a degree of exclusivity in the flavonoids used for nodulation inM. truncatulacompared to soybean, supporting a role for flavonoids in rhizobial host range.